Maidstone, 2002

Q) Your Black Adder has been repeated again! Have you worked with any of the regular cast since?

A) I don’t think I’ve ever worked with anyone twice. I have never been invited to anyone’s house twice.

http://www.tombaker.tv/forum/index.php?&act=ST&f=14&t=649

Wold Newton, 1775

Q. What is Philip Jose Farmer's Wold Newton Family?

A. Farmer's idea of the Wold Newton Family was put forth in "Tarzan Alive" and "Doc Savage: His Apocalyptic Life," his two "biographies" of those characters. Basically the idea is that in the 1700s a radioactive meteor landed near Wold Newton, England. The radiation affected the occupants of two nearby coaches.
The descendants of these people became the real-life heroes and villains that are the basis for almost all the major and minor literary heroes of the last couple of centuries, including such diverse characters as Fu Manchu, James Bond, Travis McGee, most of the pulp heroes, the Scarlet Pimpernel and others. Of course the stories we have read about them are exaggerated fiction, so that most people think them wholly fictitious.
Some people like this concept, many do not. Farmer has written several works linking these people together (like the "The Adventure of the Peerless Peer" and "The Other Log of Phileas Fogg") and there was a short-lived fanzine, "Wold Atlas, devoted to the idea.
There is a western author named J.T. Edson who has incorporated Farmer's Wold Newton ideas. In his series of books, several of the characters are part of that "family," including Captain Dusty Fog. If anyone has more info on them, please let us know.

http://thepulp.net/PulpFAQ/farmer.html

New York, 1898

Excerpt from the New York World - Telegram, July 11, 1935 -- Nikola Tesla revealed that an earthquake which drew police and ambulances to the region of his laboratory at 48 E. Houston St., New York, in 1898, was the result of a little machine he was experimenting with at the time which "you could put in your overcoat pocket." The bewildered newspapermen pounced upon this as at least one thing they could understand and "the father of modern electricity" told what had happened as follows: "I was experimenting with vibrations. I had one of my machines going and I wanted to see if I could get it in tune with the vibration of the building. I put it up notch after notch. There was a peculiar cracking sound. "I asked my assistants where did the sound come from. They did not know. I put the machine up a few more notches. There was a louder cracking sound. I knew I was approaching the vibration of the steel building. I pushed the machine a little higher. "Suddenly all the heavy machinery in the place was flying around. I grabbed a hammer and broke the machine. The building would have been about our ears in another few minutes. Outside in the street there was pandemonium. "The police and ambulances arrived. I told my assistants to say nothing. We told the police it must have been an earthquake. That's all they ever knew about it."
Some shrewd reporter asked Dr. Tesla at this point what he would need to destroy the Empire State Building and the doctor replied: "Vibration will do anything. It would only be necessary to step up the vibrations of the machine to fit the natural vibration of the building and the building would come crashing down. That's why soldiers break step crossing a bridge."

http://www.seekerbooks.com/prod/157282008x/

Paris, 1991

It's a beautiful day for the Wuzzles to have a picnic until a swarm of flants (part fly, part ant) flies in to spoil it. While trying to save Hoppo's applemellon, Eleroo manages to crash into a banana pine tree and knocks an egg right into his pouch. They decide to hatch the egg and Crock gets word that it's a Brahma Bullfinch.

http://matthewledgerwood.tripod.com/wuzzles/episodes.html

http://www.scanhorse.no/db/hest.php?hestid=2763

Baker Field, 1999

by James Renner
Date: May 1999
One of northern Manhattan’s most interesting landmarks is a strip of land bounded by 218th Street, the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, Broadway and Inwood Hill Park — a sports complex owned by Columbia University known as Baker Field. This site is Columbia’s principal outdoor athletic facility, which boasts the fact that it it is the only major complex used for amateur and collegiate sports in New York City.
This 26-acre multisport site was purchased in 1921 with funds donated to Columbia by banking executive George Fisher Baker, Jr. (1840-1931), who was longtime head of First National City Bank, which was the forerunner of today’s Citibank. He started as a teller in 1863 and rose to the rank of President by 1877. In 1909 Baker retired as President to become Chairman of the bank, a title he retained until the end of his life.
Over the years Baker, who was a quiet man, never spoke to the press and was typified as a Nineteenth Century banker. In his later years, Baker gave large gifts to educational, cultural and medical institutions of New York City. The George Fisher Baker, Jr. Trust was named for him and the philanthropic causes he gave to.
Baker’s last years (1927-1931) were spent residing at 75 East 93rd Street on the corner of Park Avenue. During this period Baker purchased the adjoining buildings (#’s 67, 69, 71 and 73). The complex, designed by Delano and Aldrich in 1917, is the finest example of English and American 18th century architectural forms. The main house (#75) and the ballroom wing (#71 and 73) is now used by the Synod of Bishops, Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia, which has been at the site since 1958.
The property that Baker Field is located on was once owned in part by the Dyckman family, who lived in the area since the 1600s. The Chrystie Field House is located on the site of the home of Isaac Michael Dyckman (1813-1899) on 218th Street and Park Terrace East. The three-storied Victorian mansion where that branch of the Dyckman family lived was razed to make way for the present facility.
Columbia’s baseball and football teams originally played on the main campus at 116th Street between 1907 and the 1920s, known as South Field, located between Low Library and Butler Hall, and was only a couple of acres in size. It accomodated both baseball and football teams during their respective playing seasons. The baseball diamond was initially laid out with the right-field line heading south to Butler Hall and the left-field line running east to Amsterdam Avenue. In time the baseball field lines were reversed.
One of Columbia’s athletic wonders of both teams was to become famous for playing baseball in the 1921-1922 and 1922-1923 seasons. This legendary player was future Hall of Fame star Lou Gehrig, who went to play for the New York Yankees. Gehrig was known to hit long home runs. One hit wound up on the steps of Low Library, another rolled out onto Broadway and 116th Street over 500 feet away from the campus playing field. In 1923 Gehrig went to the New York Yankees to play professional baseball. There is a little-known fact about Gehrig: He was a student at P.S. 132 at Wadsworth Avenue and 183rd Street when his family moved from East 94th Street to Washington Heights in 1908.
Intercollegiate football moved to Baker Field in 1923, and varsity baseball two years later. On May 17, 1939, the first televised baseball game was held at Baker Field. Princeton University defeated Columbia 2-1 as the game was viewed as far away as Radio City Music Hall on 50th Street and Sixth Avenue and at the World’s Fair in Flushing Meadows, Queens.
The following day, The New York Times reported that the players appeared like “white flies running across the screen,” according to observers watching the game. These same observers mentioned that the baseball appeared like a comet-like pinpoint as it flashed across the grass on the television screen.
Louis Little was the dominant sports coach for Columbia University. He was head football coach from 1930 to 1956. Twice during Coach Little’s tenure, Columbia won games. First on January 1, 1934, Columbia beat Stanford 7-0 at the Rose Bowl. The second time was on October 25, 1947, when Columbia upset Army 21-20 at Baker Field. It was Army’s first loss in 33 games because in the previous two games Columbia was trounced by Yale and Penn State.
In both instances, the other teams were considered favorites, and Columbia was the underdog team. In each case the victories were remarkable and unexpected. One of the plays used by the football team was call KF-79 in which quarterback Clifford Montgomery made a series of handoffs and fake handoffs to the halfbacks of the Columbia Lions.
The Lawrence A. Wein Stadium constructed in 1984 boasts 16,500 seats and is the centerpiece of Columbia’s athletic facility. It replaced the 32,000 wooden stands that had been at the site since 1928, when the original stadium of 15,000 needed enlarging. In 1987, a 400-meter, eight-lane running track was added within the boundaries of Wein Stadium. AstroTurf was added to the stadium in 1995. Baseball and Soccer are still played on grass.
Baker Field has facilities for rowing teams, tennis courts, soccer field, and other major sports events that are scheduled year-round. The rowing teams can be seen practicing on the Hudson and Harlem Rivers in the early morning to prepare for major events with other Ivy League rowing teams.
One of the most imposing sites in the area is the Columbia “C” on the opposite (or Bronx) shore of the Harlem River Ship Canal. Originally conceived by Robert Prendergast, a medical student of Columbia University and coxswain on the heavyweight rowing crew team. Prendergast approached the New York Central Railroad for permisson (which was given) to have this sign painted on the 100-foot-high wall of Fordham Gneiss, which was completed in the fall of 1952 by the rowers of the crew team.
In an interview, Dr. Prendergast had taken time out from his busy schedule to provide information about the Columbia “C”. Two colors were used for the letter: traffic white and ultramarine blue. The original size was and still is 60 feet by 60 feet. The stroke was 12 feet wide. This was done with the use of a boatswain’s chair built by Pops Johnson that was held by ropes attached to drill holes at the top of the rock.
The “C” has become a fixture for resident and tourist alike. The Circle Line Tour Boats make note of it when they pass through the area. The “C” was last painted and touched up in 1987 by the boat crews who have kept the tradition going for the past 47 years. Dr. Prendergast is presently an Associate Professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine for Opthalmology and Pathology.
After decades of declining crowds, Baker Field has made a comeback with many sports. In spite of the complex’s updating, it hasn’t changed from its original design made in the 1920s. It remains one of the finest collegiate sports facilities in the United States. The Columbia song for the football team at Baker Field is “Roar, Lions, Roar.” Within the complex is a statue of the Columbia Lion which has become the mascot of the football team.
Baker Field can be reached by Mass Transit. The #1 and #9 trains stop at 215th Street and Broadway. Bus service to Baker Field is attainable by the M100, Bx20 and the Bx7 at 218th Street and Broadway.
For more information on the Baker Field Sports Complex, call Diane Gossett, who is operations manager of Baker Field, at (212) 567-0404, and William Steinman who offers sports information about Columbia University at (212) 854-7144. For additional information, visit the following Web sites: Columbia University, Columbia University Crew Team, Columbia Lions. The Synod of Bishops, Russian Othodox Church Outside of Russia can be reached at (212) 534-1601.
(Originally published in the Washington heights and Inwood Report in May 1999.)



http://www.washington-heights.us/history/archives/baker_field_12.html

Spuyten Duyvil, 1917

Spuyten Duyvil Creek and the Harlem River Ship Canal
James Renner
Date: August 2005
The history of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek and the Harlem River Ship Canal dates back to the pre-colonial period of New York City. It has a rich history that encompasses the immediate area it serves.
Inwood Hill Park was known as “shorakapkok,” which is translated as “the sitting down place. The Mohican “showaukuppock” translated as “cove.” The Delaware Indians called it “w’shakuppek” which was “smooth still water” when interpreted from their language. According to Reginald Pelham Bolton, the noted historian and archaeologist of the area, another term used by local Native Americans was “saperewack,” which meant “the glistening place.” One of the tribal groups that lived in the area, the Rechgawawanc, had made their homes here in the sheltering hillsides and close proximity to the fishing and hunting spots.
At the point where the Spuyten Duyvil Creek and the Hudson River meet is an area known as Papparimamim. It was an island that the Rechgawawanc Indians used as a landing spot to trade. There are several meanings to “Papparimamim.” Some of its meanings are “to parcel out,” “divide and divert,” and “turning aside.” The site had become known as Berrian’s Neck and was used as a fortification during the American Revolution.
The Dutch settlers have various spellings for Spuyten Duyvil. One version was “spegkindiple,” another was “Spitton Devil.” According to “Father Knickerbocker’s History of New York” by Washington Irving, two other terms are shown: “spijt den duyvil” and “spiking devil.” Another expression that was used in 1693 was “spiten devil.” During the American Revolution, another version of the site had appeared: this was “speight-den-duyvil” and it was used by Johan Karl Philip von Krafft, a 2nd Lieutenant in the Hessian army under the command of General Knyphausen. The present-day term is a variation that is still used today.
During the colonial period, the Dutch and the English had different uses for the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. In 1667, a resolution in favor of building a road from Harlem to New York was proposed. Two years later the resolution was rescinded in favor of a route to the north which finally came about on December 7, 1676. On December 9th a lane was opened and was called the King’s Way which in time became the Kingsbridge Road. In 1769, milestones were erected on the western side of the roadway from lower Manhattan.
Johannes Verveelen, a Dutch landowner in the town of New Harlem, had a ferry at 125th Street and the East River that took passengers and cargo to the Bronx. After a period of time, Verveelen realized that people were going to the northern end of Manhattan and wading across the Spuyten Duyvil, thus avoiding the fare. He petitioned the authorities for an additional ferry charter for the new location and was granted one on February 27, 1669.
Frederick Phillipse was issued a royal grant confirming manorial rights from the crown and enlarging them to the manor of Phillipsburg in 1693. As part of the grant, the ferry was replaced by Phillipse and was named the King’s Bridge to honor King William III. Phillipse was allowed to collect tolls from a patent signed by Governor Richard Nicholls. This toll applied to people, cattle or anything else that crossed it.
In 1702 the property was willed to Phillipse’s grandson of the same name By act of the General Assembly of the Colony of New York on July 1, 1713, Phillipse was allowed to dismantle the bridge and rebuild it as a draw bridge. The present location of the bridge, if it were in operation today would be on Broadway near 231st Street.
On New Years Day of 1759 Jacobus Dyckman erected a toll-free bridge with the help of his fellow farmers to avoid paying the toll and allow for access over the river. This bridge, known as the Free Bridge, was located on 225th Street between Broadway and the intersection of Bailey Avenue and West Kingsbridge Road. It connected Manhattan with the Fordham section of the Bronx. A tavern was established by the Dyckmans on the Manhattan side of the bridge and was sold in 1772 to Caleb Hyatt.
During the American Revolution Hyatt’s Tavern became a guard house used by the Hessians after the fall of Fort Washington in November 1776. They had taken over the eight forts that paralleled the Harlem River.
In December 1777, troops under the command of General Heath attacked the Kingsbridge area with the objective of ensuring that the Farmer’s Bridge and the King’s Bridge were rendered practically useless, thus diverting traffic to a pontoon bridge which connected the Bronx with the northern end of Seaman Avenue. At the end of the war, the Free Bridge was reconstructed to continue normal traffic of goods and services.
In 1807 Jacob Hyatt leased the tavern to James DeVoe. The tavern’s more recent successor had become the Kingsbridge Hotel which had become a favorite for anglers and sportsman. The hotel was noted for its turtle soup. The premises was located on Muscoota (now 225th) Street.
In 1904, under authorization of the New York State legislature, the part of the creek that was filled in from dredging at what is now 225th street was filled in at 230th and lots were sold for housing. Broadway was widened in 1917 and the Kingsbridge Hotel, which was in disrepair, was razed.
One of the older and more colorful tales to come out of the area was that of Anthony van Corlear’s crossing of the Spuyten Duyvil. Van Corlear was a messenger of Peter Stuyvesant who sent him to warn the Dutch settlers and the Indians in what is now Westchester and the Bronx of the pending takeover of Nieuw Amsterdam by the British. According to a story revived by Washington Irving, van Corlear had jumped into the creek from a high promonotory in Manhattan in “spite of the devil” into high tide, and heavy winds subsequently drowned him trying to cross the creek.
In reality van Corlear waded across the creek. This story had been told and possibly exaggerated in a soldier’s journal in 1776. The journal was discovered by W. H. Shelton, curator of the Morris-Jumel Mansion.
The Johnson Ironworks foundry was a familiar sight on the peninsula of the canal from 1853 until 1923. While in operation the foundry manufactured everything from iron bars to automobile engines. In 1924 the buildings were razed, and the peninsula was empty until the end of the Second World War, when it was dredged and the channel was straightened. Part of the peninsula that was separated had been incorporated into Inwood Hill Park.
Chapter 586 of the New York Legislature was enacted on May 12, 1919, to create a Board of Conference to discuss how to straighten, widen and dredge the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. This legislation sounded the death knell of the Johnson Foundry. Work on the creek was started in 1898 and had to be completed.
Marble Hill was the name of the community at the northernmost tip of Manhattan, which was severed by the construction and rerouting of the Harlem River Ship Canal. In 1895, Marble Hill was separated from Manhattan and for a time was an island until the landfill from the dredging had connected this bucolic part of Manhattan to the Bronx.
After World War II, students from Columbia University established a boat club and other facilities at Baker Field in Inwood Hill Park. The group became interested in a rocky outcropping that needed some livening up. A large white “C” was painted on the on the wall facing the creek. Since then, the “C” has become a fixture for the area as well as a tourist attraction for the Circle Line Boat Tours.
The Spuyten Duyvil Creek has bridges crossing its banks. The railroad trestle has served the trains going to Albany from New York City since the 1840s. The Henry Hudson Bridge, built by Robert Moses in 1938, has offered a view of the canal and the Hudson River since its opening. The Broadway Bridge has been rebuilt three times to meet the needs of automotive and subway traffic.
Reginald Pelham Bolton, the noted civil engineer and historian for northern Manhattan, had a fondness for the Spuyten Duyvil. In his book, “Washington Heights, Manhattan, Its Eventful Past,” he describes it thus: “The crooked course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek wound around the north side of Inwood Hill and bent sharply south around a marshy promonotory which seems to have been known to the native as Gowahasuasing. Through this point, the ship canal has been cut, leaving only its tip end as a small marshy islet, which serves to preserve the contour of part of the old creek.”

http://www.washington-heights.us/history/archives/spuyten_duyvil_creek_and_the_harlem_river_ship_canal_125.html

Lourenco Marques, 1975

Independence in Mozambique:The Changes Are Not Just Political
by Robin Wright: May 12, 1975

Filipe looked like a walking advertisement for the new government, t-shirt with the new flag stretched tightly across his chest, plastic pinkie ring also with the new flag, tiny metal chest pin engraved with the face of the national liberation movement's founder, and second-hand battle fatigue trousers once worn by the liberation army.
"Can you imagine," he asked rhetorically, almost in disbelief, "I can walk down the street like this and all I get is smiles or nods from people who share my happiness, my pride."
"Five years ago my brother was arrested and put in prison for carrying a letter, one little piece of paper, with the name of Frelimo (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) across the top of it. It was not even official. It was just a letter from a friend, although the Portuguese did not believe."
"He spent four years in prison because of that little piece of paper. And today, look," the young teenager pointed to his chest, "I can say Frelimo all I want and no one will do anything to me." He was beaming.
Filipe's attire is not an unusual sight on the streets of Lourenco Marques. There are many adults as well as youths who sport the new "Frelimo fashion," from the variety of chest pin, to clothing splashed with slogans or pictures of the Frelimo president Samora Machel and the army green caps, jackets or satchels used by the Frelimo army.
As the curtain goes up on independence in Mozambique there are some dramatic changes in the sets and props on the stage of this southeast African country. Although Portuguese colonialists had penetrated this territory for 500 years, it took but a few short months for Mozambicans to shed many of the trademarks of the colonial era.
The nine-month interim period between Portuguese rule and the complete take over by Frelimo, on June 25, has clearly served as a transition for more than government. Every aspect of life in Mozambique reflects the political change — from fashion to school curricula to the media.
Walking down the streets of Lourenco Marques Filipe pointed to some of the changes. "Look, I can now buy a book on Marx or Lenin," he said as he peered into a bookstore window. "And there's something on the pan-African movement, even a dictionary of the geographic names of Mozambique, the proper names, the ones we gave the streets and cities and plazas before the Portuguese renamed everything after their own discoverers, leaders and military personnel."
In front of the bookstore there was a billboard, one of the many that have sprouted from the city pavements since an agreement was signed last September 7 granting independence to Mozambique on June 25.
"At least half the businesses in the city have these," the black youth explained. "Each provides a little news, pictures and some stories on how that business relates to Mozambique culture or maybe things about what workers hope to do within their companies."
"Newspapers, they are the same way. We no longer read just news about Portugal but about the victories of our brothers in the liberation movements in Vietnam and Cambodia, about developments in Tanzania or Zambia and other African countries."
"We can hear news now on the radio about Zimbabwe and Namibia. They are no longer referred to as Rhodesia or South West Africa, you know," he almost smirked. "Fantastic," he shook his head, smiling.
Next to the bookstore was one of the many sidewalk cafes that are scattered throughout the city. "See, women," he pointed to some of the cafe's customers sipping coffee and watching passers-by.
"One of the basic goals of Frelimo is equality of women, a real change from the chauvinistic Portuguese way of life. There are not that many of them yet, but it's a beginning. You used never to see women asserting themselves, black or white. Only men used to sit here. Really," he said with emphasis.
A friend named Marcus approached and interrupted the conversation with some "startling," news. "Do you know what docked today?" he asked, referring to the Lourenco Marques harbor, the second busiest port in Africa.
Before allowing time for an answer he said, "A Russian ship. A huge Soviet ship. That's a first. They say the port isn't as busy as it was under the Portuguese, but you just wait until after independence. They will all be here, all of our friends."
The conversation turned to school, about which both youths expressed some unexpected enthusiasm. "It’s much more interesting now. We don't just learn about Portugal or when the Portuguese came, like how Vaso da Gama 'discovered’ Mozambique in 1498 or about Lourenco Marques' arrival in 1544," Marcus said.
When asked about specifics he elaborated: "History is about Frelimo, about Mozambique. The dates we learn are June 25, 1962 (Frelimo’s founding), September 25, 1964 (launching Of Frelimo military operation), February 3, 1969 (assassination of Frelimo founder Eduardo Mondlane by a mail bomb), April 25, 1974 (Portugal's coup), September 7, 1974 (signing of Lusaka agreement on Mozambique independence) and September 20, 1974 (investiture of transition government)," he rattled off with pride.
"I can care about something that means something to me, when it's about my country, not someplace 10,000 miles away," Marcus added.
"Everyone is learning these days, it seems," Filipe interjected. "My school is even busier at nights now than it is in the days with adults who didn't go to school or young people who work during the day getting instruction under the alphabetization program. The electricity bill must be huge," he laughed.
Asked if there were any changes that had taken place during the transition that displeased them, Marcus offered: "Sure there are plenty of things that are affected because of the problems we face."
"My mother is complaining all the time about the things she can't get at the store, like soup or mayonnaise or brown sugar. And my father can’t get foreign cigarettes. I have a friend who wanted to buy a bottle of foreign brandy for a special occasion. He ended up buying it by the glass at a hotel. Cost him $22."
Mozambique's imports have recently been twice the amount it is able to export and the current shortage of foreign exchange led the new government to put a "graded" ban on imports, depending on necessity.
"Transportation is tough too," Filipe said. "The buses are jammed since half the taxis, owned mainly by Portuguese, have left. You even see whites on the buses these days. They get tired of waiting an hour or more for a ride."
"And if you want to go outside the city it takes twice as long because of all the roadblocks. You have to check with Frelimo soldiers every few miles, it seems. I understand why of course. But it is time-consuming and annoying to even those of us who want Frelimo to take over."
"I'd hate to get really sick now," Marcus added. "There are no doctors anywhere. And I can't afford to go to Swaziland or South Africa, like the whites can, to get medical attention." As a result of the mass exodus by 103,000 Portuguese, officials now claim there are only about 50 certified doctors left to serve a population of nine million.
"But things will work out," Filipe said optimistically. "The people in this country are so happy to be free of Portuguese restrictions, not to have to worry about the DGS or PIDE (secret police) spies watching our every move, that we can endure it. The spirit of freedom will carry us through these first rough moments."
The boys got ready to leave. "We have to get to the May Day celebration," Filipe explained. "It's the first we've had here in Mozambique. The first of many."

Received in New York on May 12, 1975
May 12, 1975
©1975 Robin Wright

Robin Wright is an Alicia Patterson Foundation award winner on leave from The Christian Science Monitor. This article may be published with credit to Robin Wright, The Christian Science Monitor, and the Alicia Patterson Foundation.

http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF001975/Wright/Wright04/Wright04.html

Chicago, 1920

The original smokefilled room was in Chicago's Blackstone Hotel, where, according to an enduring legend, a small group of powerful United States senators gathered to arrange the nomination of Warren G. Harding as Republican candidate for president in 1920.
Meeting at the Coliseum, the convention deadlocked on Friday, June 11. At a suite in the Blackstone, Republican leaders held a series of discussions late into the night. Though leaning toward Harding at that point, participants did not control the convention. But when the Associated Press reported that Harding had been chosen “in a smoke-filled room,” the phrase entered the American political lexicon. Ever since, “smoke-filled room” has meant a place, behind the scenes, where cigar-smoking party bosses intrigue to choose candidates.




Warren G. Harding in Chicago, 1920





Republican candidate for President, Warren G. Harding, stands with Ohio Governor Frank Bartlett and an unidentified man at the Republican Convention in Chicago, where the "smoke-filled room" meeting took place, 1920.
Photographer: Chicago Daily NewsSource: Chicago Historical Society (DN-0071961)


http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/3217.html